| Lyudmila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко |
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Lyudmila Pavlichenko |
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| Born | July 12, 1916 Belaya Tserkov, Russian Empire (now Bila Tserkva, Ukraine) |
| Died | October 10, 1974 (aged 58) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russian Federation) |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Service/branch | Red Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1953 |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit | 25th Rifle Division |
| Battles/wars | World War II Battle of Odessa Battle of Sevastopol |
| Awards | Order of Lenin Hero of the Soviet Union |
| Other work | Soviet Committee of the Veterans of War |
Lyudmila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko (Ukrainian: Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко; Russian: Людмила Михайловна Павличенко Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko) (July 12, 1916 – October 10, 1974) was a Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with 309 kills, and is regarded as the most successful female sniper in history.[1][2]
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Born in the Ukrainian town of Belaya Tserkov (Bila Tserkva) on July 12, 1916, Pavlichenko moved to Kiev with her family at the age of fourteen. There she joined a shooting club and developed into a sharpshooter, while working as a grinder at the Kiev Arsenal factory.[3] In 1937 as a student of Kiev University she successfully defended her master-thesis on Bohdan Khmelnytsky.[4]
In June 1941, 24-year old Pavlichenko was in her fourth year of studying history at the Kiev University when Nazi Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union.[3] Pavlichenko was among the first round of volunteers at the recruiting office, where she requested to join the infantry and subsequently she was assigned to the Red Army's 25th Rifle Division;[3] Pavlichenko had the option to become a nurse but refused; "I joined the army when woman were not yet accepted".[3] There she became one of 2,000 female snipers in the Red Army, of whom about 500 ultimately survived the war. As a sniper, she made her first two kills near Belyayevka,[4] using a Mosin-Nagant bolt action rifle with a P.E. 4-power scope.
Pvt. Pavlichenko fought for about two and a half months near Odessa, where she recorded 187 kills.[4] When the Germans gained control of Odessa, her unit was pulled to be sent to Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula,[4] where she fought for more than 8 months.[3][5] In May 1942, Lieutenant Pavlichenko was cited by the Southern Army Council for killing 257 German soldiers. Her total confirmed kills during World War II was 309,[2][3] including 36 enemy snipers.
In June 1942, Pavlichenko was wounded by mortar fire. Because of her growing status, she was pulled from combat less than a month after recovering from her wound.
Pavlichenko was sent to Canada and the United States for a publicity visit and became the first Soviet citizen to be received by a U.S. President when Franklin Roosevelt welcomed her at the White House. Later, Pavlichenko was invited by Eleanor Roosevelt to tour America relating her experiences. While meeting with reporters in Washington, D.C. she was dumbfounded about the kind of questions put to her. "One reporter even criticized the length of the skirt of my uniform, saying that in America women wear shorter skirts and besides my uniform made me look fat".[1][6] Pavlichenko appeared before the International Student Assembly being held in Washington, D.C., and later attended CIO meetings and made appearances and speeches in New York City. The United States gave her a Colt automatic pistol, and in Canada, she was presented with a sighted Winchester rifle, the latter of which is now on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. While visiting in Canada along with Vladimir Pchelintsev (fellow sniper) and Nikolai Krasavchenko (Moscow fuel commissioner), they were greeted by thousands at Toronto's Union Station.
Having attained the rank of major, Pavlichenko never returned to combat but became an instructor and trained Soviet snipers until the war's end.[3] In 1943, she was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union,[7] and was commemorated on a Soviet postage stamp.
After the war, she finished her education at Kiev University and began a career as a historian. From 1945 to 1953, she was a research assistant of the Chief HQ of the Soviet Navy. She later was active in the Soviet Committee of the Veterans of War.[3] Pavlichenko died on October 10, 1974 at age 58, and was buried in the Novodevichye Cemetery in Moscow.[3]
A second Soviet commemorative stamp featuring Lyudmila Pavlichenko's portrait was issued in 1976.
Pavlichenko’s war record was recognized in the Soviet Union by two commemorative stamps with her portrait (see images above)[8] and, in the United States, by a song composed during World War II by folk singer Woody Guthrie as a tribute to her war record and to memorialize her visits to the United States and Canada.[9] It was released as part of the Asch Recordings.[10][11]
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